20 Best Industrial Furniture Cheap [2024]

Are you looking for the best Industrial Furniture Cheap? Based on expert reviews, we ranked them. We've listed our top-ranked picks, including the top-selling Industrial Furniture Cheap.

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1 VASAGLE ALINRU Ladder Shelf, 4-Tier Bookshelf, Storage Rack Shelves, Bathroom, Living Room,... VASAGLE ALINRU Ladder Shelf, 4-Tier Bookshelf, Storage Rack Shelves, Bathroom, Living Room,...
2 LIKIMIO Industrial Full Bed Frame with Headboard and Footboard, Strong 4 U-Shaped Support Frames & 2... LIKIMIO Industrial Full Bed Frame with Headboard and Footboard, Strong 4 U-Shaped Support Frames &...
3 VASAGLE Coffee Table for Living Room, 2-Tier Cocktail Table, Center Table with Mesh Shelf, Steel... VASAGLE Coffee Table for Living Room, 2-Tier Cocktail Table, Center Table with Mesh Shelf, Steel...
4 VASAGLE ALINRU Computer Desk, 55.1-Inch Long Home Office Desk for Study, Writing Desk with 2 Shelves... VASAGLE ALINRU Computer Desk, 55.1-Inch Long Home Office Desk for Study, Writing Desk with 2...
5 VASAGLE Shoe Bench, 3-Tier Shoe Rack, 28.7 Inches Long Storage Shelves, for Entryway, Living Room,... VASAGLE Shoe Bench, 3-Tier Shoe Rack, 28.7 Inches Long Storage Shelves, for Entryway, Living...
6 Hombazaar Bookshelf, 3-Tier Vintage Industrial Book Shelf, Rustic Wood and Metal Bookcase and... Hombazaar Bookshelf, 3-Tier Vintage Industrial Book Shelf, Rustic Wood and Metal Bookcase and...
7 VASAGLE 2-Tier Narrow Side End Table for Couch, Rustic Sofa Printer Table with Mesh Shelf for Living... VASAGLE 2-Tier Narrow Side End Table for Couch, Rustic Sofa Printer Table with Mesh Shelf for...
8 Homissue 4-Tier Bookshelf,Vintage Industrial Book Shelf, Rustic Wood and Metal Bookcase and... Homissue 4-Tier Bookshelf,Vintage Industrial Book Shelf, Rustic Wood and Metal Bookcase and...
9 Youngine 4 Pack Caster Wheels Heavy Duty Swivel Casters with Brakes, Dual Locking wheels Replacement... Youngine 4 Pack Caster Wheels Heavy Duty Swivel Casters with Brakes, Dual Locking wheels...
10 Furniture of America Alavus Industrial Height-Adjustable Swivel Barstool, Dark Brown Furniture of America Alavus Industrial Height-Adjustable Swivel Barstool, Dark Brown
11 Yaheetech Round Coffee Table,2-Tier Industrial Sofa Accent Table Furniture for Living Room w/Iron... Yaheetech Round Coffee Table,2-Tier Industrial Sofa Accent Table Furniture for Living Room w/Iron...
12 Barnyard Designs Real Pine Wood Furniture 3-Tier Etagere Bookcase, Solid Pine Open Shelves, Rustic... Barnyard Designs Real Pine Wood Furniture 3-Tier Etagere Bookcase, Solid Pine Open Shelves,...
13 IRONCK Industrial Computer Desk 47' with Bookshelf, Office Desk, Writing Desk, Wood and Metal Frame,... IRONCK Industrial Computer Desk 47" with Bookshelf, Office Desk, Writing Desk, Wood and Metal...
14 O&K Furniture 5 Shelf Industrial Corner Bookcase and Shelf, A-Shaped Display Corner Storage Rack... O&K Furniture 5 Shelf Industrial Corner Bookcase and Shelf, A-Shaped Display Corner Storage Rack...
15 Anwenk Leg Mounting Plates, Furniture Leg Attachment Plates Industrial Strength T-Plate 5/16' (M8)... Anwenk Leg Mounting Plates, Furniture Leg Attachment Plates Industrial Strength T-Plate 5/16"...
16 O&K FURNITURE 2-Tier Rustic Wood and Metal Bookshelves, Industrial Style Bookcases Furniture,Vintage... O&K FURNITURE 2-Tier Rustic Wood and Metal Bookshelves, Industrial Style Bookcases...
17 CMI Inc 3/4' X 6' 10 Pack Industrial Galvanized Steel Pipe Nipple, Pipe Connector For Vintage DIY... CMI Inc 3/4" X 6" 10 Pack Industrial Galvanized Steel Pipe Nipple, Pipe Connector For Vintage DIY...
18 CHICHIC Industrial Pipe Shelf Brackets 8 Inch Iron Steel Black Flanges Rustic Pipes Decor Wood... CHICHIC Industrial Pipe Shelf Brackets 8 Inch Iron Steel Black Flanges Rustic Pipes Decor Wood...
19 Tov Furniture The Fano Collection Adjustable Height Backless Swivel Stainless Steel Metal Industrial... Tov Furniture The Fano Collection Adjustable Height Backless Swivel Stainless Steel Metal...
20 Futon Assembly Futon Assembly
SaleBestseller No. 1
VASAGLE ALINRU Ladder Shelf, 4-Tier Bookshelf, Storage Rack Shelves, Bathroom, Living Room,...
  • SOMETHING CERTAIN: Some furniture looks good, but isn’t very practical. Others are functional, but look cold and boring. Not this Ladder shelf,...
  • PERFECT DESIGN: Sturdy matte-black steel frame, x-bars, and rustic brown shelves—the mix of styles makes this elegant bookcase stand out; it boasts...
  • LET YOUR IMAGINATION RUN WILD: The steps get wider from top to bottom, offering plenty of space for creativity: line the shelves with green plants,...
  • NO PAIN ASSEMBLY: Not assembly-inclined? Don’t worry, you can still do this: with clear instructions, simply put the numbered parts together and...
  • WHAT’S INCLUDED: A 4-tier storage shelf with an industrial design from our ALINRU Collection, an assembly kit for a simple assembly process, and a...
SaleBestseller No. 2
LIKIMIO Industrial Full Bed Frame with Headboard and Footboard, Strong 4 U-Shaped Support Frames & 2...
  • Sturdy and Durable Metal Bed Frame: 4 Sturdy U-shaped metal frames & 9 support legs to ensure the comfort and durability of the frame and provide a...
  • Easy to Assemble: The assembly instructions were so clear and easy to follow, Every part is clearly labeled and numbered. you can do it by myself in...
  • Industrial Style: P2 high-quality MDF board & black metal. Has kind of a mild industrial look to it without being overly trendy. Very suitable for...
  • Practical storage: Dimensions:L*W*H:77*57*41 ,Weight capacity: 1100lbs.The bottom height is 12.2“ Clearance, and space under the bed can be used for...
  • EXCELLENT SERVICE: To make our customers satisfied, we provide five-year free parts replacement, if you find any problem with the bed frame, please...
Bestseller No. 3
VASAGLE Coffee Table for Living Room, 2-Tier Cocktail Table, Center Table with Mesh Shelf, Steel...
  • Industrial Design: Featuring a rustic brown surface, black steel frame, and eye-catching metal mesh accent, this coffee table with an industrial vibe...
  • Solid Construction: High-quality particleboard, solid steel frame, 1.7” wide leg tubes (sturdier than the 1.2" or 1.4" wide leg tubes of most...
  • Easy to Assemble: Thanks to the illustrated, easy-to-follow instructions and labeled parts, you’ll set up this cocktail table before you know it
  • No More Wobbling: This center table is equipped with adjustable feet that compensate for any slight unevenness in the floor and keep this piece of...
  • What You Receive: A coffee table, accessory kit with assembly tool, clear instructions, and a chic way to enliven your home. This table is part of our...
Bestseller No. 4
VASAGLE ALINRU Computer Desk, 55.1-Inch Long Home Office Desk for Study, Writing Desk with 2 Shelves...
  • Confident Style: This tasteful, industrial-style computer desk unifies rigid steel with rustic brown particleboard, resulting in a unique display of...
  • All in Reach: With a large table area and 2 shelves that can be installed on the left or the right, everything can be in reach; if you need the space...
  • Stable for Work: Say goodbye to annoyances—the thicker steel frame (1.2 mm), reliable particleboard, and adjustable feet work to ensure that your...
  • No Degree Required: Assembling this writing desk with shelves won’t require an advanced degree in engineering; detailed instructions and clearly...
  • What You Get: A computer desk from VASAGLE’S ALINRU Collection with a 55.1” long table top, 2 storage shelves that can be installed on the left or...
SaleBestseller No. 5
VASAGLE Shoe Bench, 3-Tier Shoe Rack, 28.7 Inches Long Storage Shelves, for Entryway, Living Room,...
  • Industrial Elegance: Rustic Brown surface for an old-time classic look, rigid black steel for industrial chic style, they now come together on this...
  • On a Comfy Seat: Take a seat on the bench and put on your shoes without hurrying. The sturdy steel structure can withstand up to 198 lb
  • No More Shoe Piles: Two mesh shelves accommodate 6-8 pairs of shoes and give you a neat entry; top shelf is perfect for workbag and purse drop off at...
  • 1, 2, 3, Go! With easy-to-follow instructions and numbered parts, you might not even notice that you’ve already completed the assembly and it’s...
  • What You Get: A shoe bench from our BRYCE Collection, 2 mesh shelves, an easy assembly process, and a chic way to restore a tidy hallway
Bestseller No. 6
Hombazaar Bookshelf, 3-Tier Vintage Industrial Book Shelf, Rustic Wood and Metal Bookcase and...
  • 【Modern Industrial Style】Give a touch of modernism to your contemporary space with the addition of our industrial bookshelf. The wood grain panel...
  • 【Generous Storage Space】This bookshelf with storage shelves can provide enough space to meet your daily storage needs. The 3-tier open shelves...
  • 【Multipurpose Design】This retro-style industrial bookcase blends with various decoration styles and is a wonderful addition to the family space....
  • 【High-quality Materials】Made of high-quality MDF board and thick metal frame with black frosted paint, the every shelf of the bookcase can hold...
  • 【Easy to Install】This bookcase is easy to install, clear instructions and all necessary tools are included in the package. All components are...
SaleBestseller No. 7
VASAGLE 2-Tier Narrow Side End Table for Couch, Rustic Sofa Printer Table with Mesh Shelf for Living...
  • A Feel-Good Ambience: A frame made of black steel meets particleboard in rustic brown color. Add a good book and snacks to this side table alongside a...
  • Quick-Change Artist: Use the 11.8” wide side table with mesh shelf in various rooms. Set it up in narrow spaces in the living room, office, or...
  • Mixed Double: The robust mix of sturdy steel and hard-wearing particleboard gives the nightstand a high degree of stability. Load the surface with...
  • No Large Thing: Thanks to the manageable number of individual parts, this compact living room table can be set up in just a few minutes
  • What You Get: A narrow yet tall side table with adjustable feet, and a simple assembly process, and an industrial look from our BRYCE Collection
SaleBestseller No. 8
Homissue 4-Tier Bookshelf,Vintage Industrial Book Shelf, Rustic Wood and Metal Bookcase and...
  • Provide Ample Storage Space for Keeping Your Ornaments or Kitchenware in Tidy Condition.
  • Perfect for Storing Decorations or Pantry Items to Organize Room Space in Tidy Condition.
  • Bookcase Overall Dimensions: 54.9”H x 41.3”W x 12.7”D. Board Size: 1.2”H x 41.3”W x 11.2”D. Height between shelves: 13.7-inch.
  • Constructed with Durable MDF and Sturdy Metal Tube Frame that Bears High Weight Capacity. Each Shelf could Hold 70 lbs.
  • Easy Assembly, Anti-tip Safety Design and Anti Slip Pad for Bookcase Stability and Balance Adjustment.
Bestseller No. 9
Youngine 4 Pack Caster Wheels Heavy Duty Swivel Casters with Brakes, Dual Locking wheels Replacement...
  • Double Lock Mechanism: The dual lock casters lock both the wheel and the swivel bearing at the same time, essential for safety and perfect for easily...
  • Good Wear Resistance: Swivel casters rotate 360 degrees which makes turning the mating equipment possible, maximum load 600 lbs capacity for the pack...
  • Smooth & Quiet: These wheels Made of the popular non-marking polyurethane rubber, with brakes hardly bring noise to your comfortable life, and won't...
  • Universal Use: The wheels can be used for a multitude of applications Including- Flight Cases, Instrument Cases, Display/Exhibition Equipment,...
  • Dimensions: Whole Height: 13.3cm/5.2 inches, Wheel Diameter: 7.5cm/3 inches, Wheel Thickness: 2.1 cm/0.83 inch, M12 Thread size: 1.2*3cm/0.47*1.2 inch...
Bestseller No. 10
Furniture of America Alavus Industrial Height-Adjustable Swivel Barstool, Dark Brown
  • Industrial inspired style
  • Sturdy metal frame with four-point base for stability, height-adjustable swivel design
  • Wooden seat and back; Available in two finishes
  • Materials: Metal, wood, wood veneers
  • Overall product dimensions: 37.75-45.25"H x 14"W x 14"D
Bestseller No. 11
Yaheetech Round Coffee Table,2-Tier Industrial Sofa Accent Table Furniture for Living Room w/Iron...
  • AMPLE SPACE FOR STORAGE: this modern coffee table has an open shelf below, which offers you ample space for storage, making your stuff neat and tidy....
  • STYLISH DESIGN: rustic coffee table designed with grain of wood and round shape, its simple but vintage style matches with your taste and also adds a...
  • STABLE & STURDY: our coffee table with an open shelf has a round shape to ensure the structure is stable and sturdy enough. The tabletop can bear up...
  • ILLUSTRATED INSTRUCTION: the coffee table needs to be assembled on your own, but do not worry about it. We offer illustrated instructions with the...
  • WIDE APPLICATION: clean color matching simple shape, our 35.5x35.5x18.5’’ coffee table is truly suitable for many occasions, such as a bedroom,...
Bestseller No. 12
Barnyard Designs Real Pine Wood Furniture 3-Tier Etagere Bookcase, Solid Pine Open Shelves, Rustic...
  • MODERN 3-TIER ETAGERE BOOKSHELF - Add style and function to your home or office with this modern industrial three shelf bookcase. This standing...
  • REAL PINE WOOD SHELVES - Made from real pine wood and metal, this large open shelf bookcase is extremely sturdy and durable. Perfect farmhouse style...
  • RUSTIC INDUSTRIAL FURNITURE DESIGN - A simple yet elegant wide shelf design with a metal pipe frame gives it a rustic, mid-century look. Unique and...
  • EASY TO ASSEMBLE - Easy to set up, this bookcase does not require any tools for assembly. Use it to display books, photos, plants, home decor...
  • DIMENSIONS - The bookcase measures 38.5" x 29.5" x 11.75". Each shelf is 0.75" thick.
Bestseller No. 13
IRONCK Industrial Computer Desk 47" with Bookshelf, Office Desk, Writing Desk, Wood and Metal Frame,...
  • DURABLE & STURDY --- Features a textured sand black metal frame. 1.18" thicker P2 grade MDF board tabletop.
  • Table dimension 47" W x 23.6" D x 29.9" H, load capacity about 500 lbs
  • INDUSTRIAL CHARM STYLE --- Compliments the rest of your furniture and update your home decor with this a retro industrial computer table.
  • EASY TO ASSEMBLE--- Simply assemble desk legs and the shelf. Installation, screws and tools, and protect footpads are provided.
  • SATISFACTION SERVICE--- 60 days no reason to refund, 180 days replacement service, lifetime warranty. so you can count on lasting style and...
SaleBestseller No. 14
O&K Furniture 5 Shelf Industrial Corner Bookcase and Shelf, A-Shaped Display Corner Storage Rack...
  • Corner Shelf Dimension: 16.5" x 16.5" x 69.9"(H); It fits nicely against the wall and doesn’t occupy too much floor space.
  • Sturdy Construction: The bookcase made of MDF board with wood grain PVC and clean-lined metal frame. Pretty sturdy, provides longer work life.
  • Multifunctional Use: Shelves are deep enough to hold some photos, houseplants, and travel collectibles, or you can use the the shelf as a bookcase.
  • Suit for any Room: Stylish simple design compliment well with any decor style, and great for your bed room, bathroom, closet, home office, living...
  • Easily Assemble: All necessary hardware and step-by-step instructions are included, you will finish the assembly within several minutes.
Bestseller No. 15
Anwenk Leg Mounting Plates, Furniture Leg Attachment Plates Industrial Strength T-Plate 5/16" (M8)...
  • Strengthen/ Repair Furniture- No more wobbly legs ! This furniture leg attachment plates are designed for attaching legs to new or damaged sofas,...
  • Industrial Standard – Each T-Plate is 2" by 2" (L x W) and 1/4" deep (approx). Plates have 5/16" threaded (Metric M8) attachment holes for hanger...
  • Easy Installation within Minutes - No need to purchase hanger bolts separately . You have EVERYTHING ready to install furniture legs feet!. Package...
  • Convert to U.S. Standard Legs - If your sofa legs are pre-drilled for M10 hanger bolts, these plates allow you to use standard 8mm to convert to U.S....
  • 4 sets pack.You have everything ready for the setup.Add them to your shopping cart and save more money!
Bestseller No. 16
O&K FURNITURE 2-Tier Rustic Wood and Metal Bookshelves, Industrial Style Bookcases Furniture,Vintage...
  • Two spacious shelves: Rustic, industrial-style 2-level bookshelves
  • Industrial bookcases Meaturement: 35.4"W x 12.6"Dx 25"H inches
  • Create groupings of books,magazines,picture frames and accessories to create visual interest on the shelves
  • Made of wood PVC board (not solid wood) with black metal. combines durability with functionality
  • 2-Level rustic and industrial-style bookcases. Easy to install
Bestseller No. 17
CMI Inc 3/4" X 6" 10 Pack Industrial Galvanized Steel Pipe Nipple, Pipe Connector For Vintage DIY...
  • ✔(3/4 INCH X 6 INCH GALVANIZED STEEL PIPE 10 PACK ): Time to get creative! Get started on your home projects with our PREMIUM Galvanized Pipe...
  • ✔GREAT FOR DIY CRAFT PROJECTS: Update your house decor with an industrial look that will impress your family and friends! Perfect for at home...
  • ✔HIGH QUALITY HEAVY DUTY: We constructed our Galvanized Steel Pipes to meet Industry Standards. They can easily attach to other threaded pipes or...
  • ✔100% SATISFACTION GUARANTEED: If you aren’t completely satisfied with our product simply return them within the first 30 days for a refund....
Bestseller No. 18
CHICHIC Industrial Pipe Shelf Brackets 8 Inch Iron Steel Black Flanges Rustic Pipes Decor Wood...
  • · SET INCLUDES 4 WALL SHELF BRACKETS - 4 X 3.3” diameter flanges, 4 X 9”H * 0.9” diameter pipe connector, 4 X 0.8”H * 1.3” diameter caps,...
  • · HIGH QUALITY AND DURABLE INDUSTRIAL PIPE FITTINGS - Constructed from industrial grade malleable iron fittings, black industrial steel pipe.Their...
  • · INCORPORTE THE INDUSTRIAL AESTHETIC INTO EVERYWHERE - Design industrial style in home, garage, shop, workshop and office. The chic charm of...
  • · DIY VINTAGE PIPE SHELF BRACKET - Restore and repurpose a wooden plank and display photos, plants, antique keepsakes and other decoration pieces on...
  • · EASY FIT AND REMOVAL - With your iron DIY pipe shelf you have all the components you need to create your industrial decor and manufacture to your...
Bestseller No. 19
Tov Furniture The Fano Collection Adjustable Height Backless Swivel Stainless Steel Metal Industrial...
  • Dimensionally Accommodating: Each Modern, Metal Bar Stool Measures 20"W x 14"D x 22"-32"H and Weighs 26 LBS.
  • Structural Integrity: These Leather Upholstered Kitchen Bar Stools are Crafted With a Formidable Stainless Steel Frame and Footrest for Sturdy,...
  • Superior Elegance: This Industrial Bar Stool is Upholstered in Plush, Luxurious Eco Leather. The Seat Cushions of These Kitchen Metal Barstools are...
  • Sophisticated Style: The Sleek and Stylish Bar Stool Chairs Feature a Gas Lift Adjustable Height Seat With Full Swivel Capability. The Bar Stools Are...
  • A Unique Vision: TOV Furniture Had a Vision to Create a Different Kind of Furniture Company. Led by Formidable Industry Veterans With Unique Insights...
Bestseller No. 20
Futon Assembly
  • Assembly of 1 customer-supplied futon
  • Product should be in the room where it is to be assembled before provider arrives. Moving product after assembly is not included
  • Cleanup work area. Take packaging to customer's bins unless customer declines
  • Products requiring additional work may result in an updated estimate from provider
  • This service does not include haul-away of products or trash

Having trouble finding a great Industrial Furniture Cheap?

This problem is well understood by us because we have gone through the entire Industrial Furniture Cheap research process ourselves, which is why we have put together a comprehensive list of the best Industrial Furniture Cheaps available in the market today.

After hours of searching and using all the models on the market, we have found the best Industrial Furniture Cheap for 2023. See our ranking below!

How Do You Buy The Best Industrial Furniture Cheap?

Do you get stressed out thinking about shopping for a great Industrial Furniture Cheap? Do doubts keep creeping into your mind?

We understand, because we’ve already gone through the whole process of researching Industrial Furniture Cheap, which is why we have assembled a comprehensive list of the greatest Industrial Furniture Cheap available in the current market. We’ve also come up with a list of questions that you probably have yourself.

John Harvards has done the best we can with our thoughts and recommendations, but it’s still crucial that you do thorough research on your own for Industrial Furniture Cheap that you consider buying. Your questions might include the following:

  • Is it worth buying an Industrial Furniture Cheap?
  • What benefits are there with buying an Industrial Furniture Cheap?
  • What factors deserve consideration when shopping for an effective Industrial Furniture Cheap?
  • Why is it crucial to invest in any Industrial Furniture Cheap, much less the best one?
  • Which Industrial Furniture Cheap are good in the current market?
  • Where can you find information like this about Industrial Furniture Cheap?

We’re convinced that you likely have far more questions than just these regarding Industrial Furniture Cheap, and the only real way to satisfy your need for knowledge is to get information from as many reputable online sources as you possibly can.

Potential sources can include buying guides for Industrial Furniture Cheap, rating websites, word-of-mouth testimonials, online forums, and product reviews. Thorough and mindful research is crucial to making sure you get your hands on the best-possible Industrial Furniture Cheap. Make sure that you are only using trustworthy and credible websites and sources.

John Harvards provides an Industrial Furniture Cheap buying guide, and the information is totally objective and authentic. We employ both AI and big data in proofreading the collected information.

How did we create this buying guide? We did it using a custom-created selection of algorithms that lets us manifest a top-10 list of the best available Industrial Furniture Cheap currently available on the market.

This technology we use to assemble our list depends on a variety of factors, including but not limited to the following:

  1. Brand Value: Every brand of Industrial Furniture Cheap has a value all its own. Most brands offer some sort of unique selling proposition that’s supposed to bring something different to the table than their competitors.
  2. Features: What bells and whistles matter for an Industrial Furniture Cheap?
  3. Specifications: How powerful they are can be measured.
  4. Product Value: This simply is how much bang for the buck you get from your Industrial Furniture Cheap.
  5. Customer Ratings: Number ratings grade Industrial Furniture Cheap objectively.
  6. Customer Reviews: Closely related to ratings, these paragraphs give you first-hand and detailed information from real-world users about their Industrial Furniture Cheap.
  7. Product Quality: You don’t always get what you pay for with an Industrial Furniture Cheap, sometimes less, and sometimes more.
  8. Product Reliability: How sturdy and durable an Industrial Furniture Cheap is should be an indication of how long it will work out for you.

John Harvards always remembers that maintaining Industrial Furniture Cheap information to stay current is a top priority, which is why we are constantly updating our websites. Learn more about us using online sources.

If you think that anything we present here regarding Industrial Furniture Cheap is irrelevant, incorrect, misleading, or erroneous, then please let us know promptly!

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FAQ:

Q: What is industrial style of furniture?

A: Inspired by the open floor plans and bare bones of factories and warehouses, industrial style celebrates raw elements of metal, wood, brick and concrete. However, despite its edgy, urban appeal, industrial style furniture is incredibly malleable.

Q: What is industrial style furniture?

A: Industrial furniture invariably calls on solid, raw materials – predominately metals and timbers – that are hard-wearing and hard-working. Industrial furniture is not whimsical; this is no-nonsense, robust furniture that was originally made with a serious purpose in mind. The design is often quite masculine in style and form.

Q: What is industrial style?

A: Industrial style or industrial chic refers to an aesthetic trend in interior design that takes clues from old factories and industrial spaces that in recent years have been converted to lofts and other living spaces.